OLD-FASHIONED
FLOWERS
THIS
morning, when I went
to look at my flowers, surrounded by their white fence, which
protects them against the good cattle grazing in the field beyond, I
saw again in my mind all that blossoms in the woods, the fields, the
gardens, the orangeries and the green-houses, and I thought of all
that we owe to the world of marvels which the bees visit.
Can we
conceive what
humanity would be if it did not know the flowers? If these did not
exist, if they had all been hidden from our gaze, as are probably a
thousand no less fairy sights that are all around us, but invisible
to our eyes, would our character, our faculties, our sense of the
beautiful, our aptitude for happiness, be quite the same? We should,
it is true, in nature have other splendid manifestations of luxury,
exuberance and grace; other dazzling efforts of the superfluous
forces: the sun, the stars, the varied lights of the moon, the azure
and the ocean, the dawns and twilights, the mountain, the plain, the
forest and the rivers, the light and the trees, and lastly, nearer to
us, birds, precious stones and woman. These are the ornaments of our
planet. Yet but for the last three, which belong to the same smile of
nature, how grave, austere, almost sad, would be the education of our
eye without the softness which the flowers give! Suppose for a moment
that our globe knew them not: a great region, the most enchanted in
the joys of our psychology, would be destroyed, or rather would not
be discovered. All of a delightful sense would sleep for ever at the
bottom of our harder and more desert hearts and in our imagination
stripped of worshipful images. The infinite world of colours and
shades would have been but incompletely revealed to us by a few rents
in the sky. The miraculous harmonies of light at play, ceaselessly
inventing new gaieties, revelling in itself, would be unknown to us;
for the flowers first broke up the prism and made the most subtle
portion of our sight. And the magic garden of perfumes — who would
have opened its gate to us? A few grasses, a few gums, a few fruits,
the breath of the dawn, the smell of the night and the sea, would
have told us that beyond our eyes and ears there existed a shut
paradise where the air which we breathe changes into delights for
which we could have found no name. Consider also all that the voice
of human happiness would lack! One of the blessed heights of our soul
would be almost dumb, if the flowers had not, since centuries, fed
with their beauty the language which we speak and the thoughts that
endeavour to crystallize the most precious hours of life. The whole
vocabulary, all the impressions of love, are impregnate with their
breath, nourished with their smile. When we love, all the flowers
that we have seen and smelt seem to hasten within us to people with
their known charms the consciousness of a sentiment whose happiness,
but for them, would have no more form than the horizons of the sea or
sky. They have accumulated within us, since our childhood, and even
before it, in the soul of our fathers, an immense treasure, the
nearest to our joys, upon which we draw each time that we wish to
make more real the clement minutes of our life. They have created and
spread in our world of sentiment the fragrant atmosphere in which
love delights.
II
THAT
is why I love
above
all the simplest, the commonest, the oldest and the most antiquated;
those which have a long human past behind them, a large array of kind
and consoling actions; those which have lived with us for hundreds of
years and which form part of ourselves, since they reflect something
of their grace and their joy of life in the soul of our ancestors.
But
where do they hide
themselves? They are becoming rarer than those which we call rare
flowers to-day. Their life is secret and precarious. It seems as
though we were on the point of losing them, and perhaps there are
some which, discouraged at last, have lately disappeared, of which
the seeds have died under the ruins, which will no more know the dew
of the gardens and which we shall find only in very old books, amid
the bright grass of the Illuminators or along the yellow flower-beds
of the Primitives.
They are
driven from the
borders and the proud baskets by arrogant strangers from Peru, the
Cape of Good Hope, China, Japan. They have two pitiless enemies in
particular. The first of these is the encumbering and prolific
Begonia Tuberosa, that swarms in the beds like a tribe of turbulent
fighting-cocks, with innumerous combs. It is pretty, but insolent and
a little artificial; and, whatever the silence and meditation of the
hour, under the sun and under the moon, in the intoxication of the
day and the solemn peace of the night, it sounds its clarion cry and
celebrates its victory, monotonous, shrill and scentless. The other
is the Double Geranium, not quite so indiscreet, but indefatigable
also and extraordinarily courageous. It would appear desirable were
it less lavished. These two, — with the help of a few more cunning
strangers and of the plants with coloured leaves that close up those
turgid mosaics which at present debase the beautiful lines of most of
our lawns, — these two have gradually ousted their native sisters
from the spots which these had so long brightened with their familiar
smiles. They no longer have the right to receive the guest with
artless little cries of welcome at the gilded gates of the mansion.
They are forbidden to prattle near the steps, to twitter in the
marble vases, to hum their tune beside the lakes, to lisp their
dialect along the borders. A few of them have been relegated to the
kitchen-garden, in the neglected and, for that matter, delightful
corner occupied by the medicinal or merely aromatic plants, the Sage,
the Tarragon, the Fennel and the Thyme, — old servants, too,
dismissed and nourished through a sort of pity or mechanical
tradition. Others have taken refuge by the stables, near the low door
of the kitchen or the cellar, where they crowd humbly like
importunate beggars, hiding their bright dresses among the weeds and
holding their frightened perfumes as best they may, so as not to
attract attention.
But,
even there, the
Pelargonium, red with indignation, and the Begonia, crimson with
rage, came to surprise and hustle the unoffending little band; and
they fled to the farms, the cemeteries, the little gardens of the
rectories, the old maid’s houses and the country convents. And now
hardly anywhere, save in the oblivion of the oldest villages, around
tottering dwellings, far from the railways and the nursery-gardener’s
overbearing hot-houses, do we find them again with their natural
smile; not wearing a driven, panting and hunted look, but peaceful,
calm, restful, plentiful, careless and at home. And, even as in
former times, in the coaching-days, from the top of the stone wall
that surrounds the house, through the rails of the white fence, or
from the sill of the windows enlivened by a caged bird, on the
motionless road where none passes, save the eternal forces of life,
they see spring come and autumn, the rain and the sun, the
butterflies and the bees, the silence and the night followed by the
light of the moon.
III
BRAVE
old flowers!
Wall-flowers, Gillyflowers, Stocks! For, even as the field-flowers,
from which a trifle, a ray of beauty, a drop of perfume, divides
them, they have charming names, the softest in the language; and each
of them, like tiny, artless ex-votos, or like medals bestowed by the
gratitude of men, proudly bears three or four. You Stocks, who sing
among the ruined walls and cover with light the grieving stones; you
Garden Primroses, Primulas or Cowslips, Hyacinths, Crocuses, Crown
Imperials, Scented Violets, Lilies of the Valley, Forget-me-nots,
Daisies and Periwinkles, Poet’s Narcissuses, Pheasant’s-Eyes,
Bear’s-Ears, Alyssums, Saxifrage, Anemones — it is through you
that the months that come before the leaf-time — February, March,
April — translate into smiles which men can understand the first
news and the first mysterious kisses of the sun! You are frail and
chilly and yet as bold-faced as a bright idea. You make young the
grass; you are fresh as the water that flows in the azure cups which
the dawn distributes over the greedy buds, ephemeral as the dreams of
a child, almost wide still and almost spontaneous, yet already marked
by the too precocious brilliancy, the too flaming nimbus, the too
pensive grace, that overwhelm the flowers which yield obedience to
man.
IV
BUT
here, innumerous,
disordered, many-coloured, tumultuous, drunk with dawns and noons,
come the luminous dances of the daughters of Summer! Little girls
with white veils and old maids in violet ribbons, school-girls home
for the holidays, first-communicants, pale nuns, dishevelled romps,
gossips and prudes. Here is the Marigold, who breaks up with her
brightness the green of the borders. Here is the Camomile, like a
nosegay of snow, beside her unwearying brothers, the Garden
Chrysanthemums, whom we must not confuse with the Japanese
Chrysanthemums of autumn. The Annual Helianthus, or Sunflower, towers
like a priest raising the monstrance over the lesser folk in prayer
and strives to resemble the luminary which he adores. The Poppy
exerts himself to fill with light his cup torn by the morning wind.
The rough Larkspur, in his peasant’s blouse, who thinks himself
more beautiful than the sky, looks down upon the Dwarf Convolvuluses,
who reproach him spitefully with putting too much blue into the azure
of his flowers. The Virginia Stock, arch and demure in her gown of
jaconet, like the little servant-maids of Dordrecht or Leyden, washes
the borders of the beds with innocence. The Mignonette hides herself
in her laboratory and silently distils perfumes that give us a
foretaste of the air which we breathe on the threshold of Paradises.
The Peonies, who have drunk their imprudent fill of the sun, burst
with enthusiasm and bend forward to meet the coming apoplexy. The
Scarlet Flax traces a bloodstained furrow that guards the walks; and
the Portulaca, creeping like a moss, studies to cover with mauve,
amber or pink taffeta the soil that has remained bare at the foot of
the tall stalks. The chub-faced Dahlia, a little round, a little
stupid, carves out of soap, lard or wax his regular pompons, which
will be the ornament of a village holiday. The old, paternal Phlox,
standing amid the clusters, lavishes the loud laughter of his jolly,
easy-going colours. The Mallows, or Lavateras, like demure misses,
feel the tenderest blushes of fugitive modesty mount to their
corollas at the slightest breath. The Nasturtium paints his water
colours, or screams like a parakeet climbing up the bars of its cage;
and the Rose-mallow, Althæa Rosea, Hollyhock, riding the high horse
of her many names, flaunts her cockades of a flesh silkier than a
maiden’s breast. The Snapdragon and the almost transparent Balsam
are more timorous and awkward and fearfully press their flowers
against their stalks.
Next, in
the discreet
corner of the old families, are crowded the Long-leaved Veronica; the
Red Potentilla; the African Marigold; the ancient Lychnis, or Maltese
Cross; the Mournful Widow, or Purple Scabious; the Foxglove, or
Digitalis, who shoots up like a melancholy rocket; the European
Aquilegia, or Columbine; the Viscaria, who, on a long, slim neck,
lifts a small ingenuous, quite round face to admire the sky; the
lurking Lunaria, who secretly manufactures the “Pope’s money,”
those pale, flat crown-pieces with which, no doubt, the elves and
fairies by moonlight carry on their trade in spells; lastly, the
Pheasant’s-Eye, the red Valerian, or Jupiter’s-Beard, the Sweet
William and the
old Carnation, that was cultivated long ago by the Grand Condé in
his exile.
Besides
these, above, all
around, on the walls, in the hedges, among the arbours, along the
branches, like a people of sportive monkeys and birds, the climbing
plants make merry, perform feats of gymnastics, play at swinging, at
losing and recovering their balance, at falling, at flying, at
looking up at space, at reaching beyond the treetops to kiss the sky.
Here we have the Spanish Bean and the Sweet Pea, quite proud at being
no longer included among the vegetables; the modest Volubilis; the
Honeysuckle, whose scent represents the soul of the dew; the Clematis
and the Glycine; while, at the windows, between the white curtains,
along the stretched string, the Campanula, surnamed Pyramidalis,
works such miracles, throws out sheaves and twists garlands formed of
a thousand uniform flowers so prodigiously immaculate and transparent
that they who see it for the first time, refusing to believe their
eyes, want to touch with their finger the bluey marvel, cool as a
fountain, pure as a source, unreal as a dream.
Meanwhile,
in a blaze of
light, the great white Lily, the old lord of the gardens, the only
authentic prince among all the commonalty issuing from the
kitchen-garden, the ditches, the copses, the pools and the moors,
among the strangers come from none knows where, with his invariable
six-petalled chalice of silver, whose nobility dates back to that of
the gods themselves — the immemorial Lily raises his ancient
sceptre, august, inviolate, which creates around it a zone of
chastity, silence and light.
V
I HAVE
seen them, those
whom I have named and as many whom I have forgotten, all thus
collected in the garden of an old sage, the same that taught me to
love the bees. They displayed themselves in beds and clusters, in
symmetrical borders, ellipses, oblongs, quincunxes and lozenges,
surrounded by box hedges, red bricks, earthenware tiles or brass
chains, like precious matters contained in ordered receptacles
similar to those which we find in the discoloured engravings that
illustrate the works of the old Dutch poet, Jacob Cats. And the
flowers were drawn up in rows, some according to their kinds, others
according to their shapes and shades, while others, lastly, mingled,
according to the happy chances of the wind and the sun, the most
hostile and murderous colours, in order to show that nature
acknowledges no dissonance and that all that lives creates its own
harmony.
From its
twelve rounded
windows, with their shining panes, their muslin curtains, their broad
green shutters, the long, painted house, pink and gleaming as a
shell, watched them wake at dawn and throw off the brisk diamonds of
the dew and then close at night under the blue darkness that falls
from the stars. One felt that it took an intelligent pleasure in this
gentle, daily fairy-scene, itself solidly planted between two clear
ditches that lost themselves in the distance of the immense pasturage
dotted with motionless cows, while, by the roadside, a proud mill,
bending forward like a preacher, made familiar signs with its
paternal sails to the passers-by from the village.
VI
HAS this
earth of ours a
fairer ornament of its hours of leisure than the care of flowers? It
was beautiful to see thus collected for the pleasure of the eyes,
around the house of my placid friend, the splendid throng that tills
the light to win from it marvellous colours, honey and perfumes. He
found there translated into visible joys, fixed at the gates of his
house, the scattered, fleeting and almost intangible delights of
summer, — the voluptuous air, the clement nights, the emotional
sunbeams, the glad hours, the confiding dawn, the whispering and
mysterious azured space. He enjoyed not only their dazzling presence;
he also hoped — probably unwisely, so deep and confused is that
mystery — he also hoped, by dint of questioning them, to surprise,
with their aid, I know not what secret law or idea of nature, I know
not what private thought of the universe, which perhaps betrays
itself in those ardent moments in which it strives to please other
beings, to beguile other lives and to create beauty.
VII
OLD
flowers, I said. I
was wrong; for they are not so old. When we study their history and
investigate their pedigrees, we learn with surprise that most of
them, down to the simplest and commonest, are new beings, freedmen,
exiles, newcomers, visitors, foreigners. Any botanical treatise will
reveal their origins. The Tulip, for instance (remember La Bruyère’s
“Solitary,” “Oriental,” “Agate,” and “Cloth of Gold”),
came from Constantinople in the sixteenth century. The Ranuncula, the
Lunaria, the Maltese Cross, the Balsam, the Fuchsia, the African
Marigold, or Tagetes Erecta, the Rose Campion, or Lychnis Coronaria,
the two-coloured Aconite, the Amaranthus Caudatus, or
Love-lies-bleeding, the Hollyhock and the Campanula Pyramidalis
arrived at about the same time from the Indies, Mexico, Persia, Syria
and Italy. The Pansy appears in 1613; the Yellow Alyssum in 1710; the
Perennial Flax in 1775; the Scarlet Flax in 1819; the Purple Scabious
in 1629; the Saxifraga Sarmentosa in 1771; the Long-leaved Veronica
in 1713. The Perennial Phlox is a little older. The Indian Pink made
its entrance into our gardens about 1713. The Garden Pink is of
modern date. The Portulaca did not make her appearance till 1828; the
Scarlet Sage till 1822. The Ageratum, or Cœlestinum, now so
plentiful and so popular, is not two centuries old. The Helichrysum,
or Everlasting, is even younger. The Zinnia is exactly a centenarian.
The Spanish Bean, a native of South America, and the Sweet Pea, an
immigrant from Sicily, number a little over two hundred years. The
Anthemis, whom we find in the least-known villages, has been
cultivated only since 1699. The charming blue Lobelia of our borders
came to us from the Cape of Good Hope at the time of the French
Revolution. The China Aster, or Reine Marguerite, is dated 1731. The
Annual or Drummond’s Phlox, now so common, was sent over from Texas
in 1835. The large-flowered Lavatera, who looks so confirmed a
native, so simple a rustic, has blossomed in our gardens only since
two centuries and a half; and the Petunia since some twenty lustres.
The Mignonette, the Heliotrope — who would believe it? — are not
two hundred years old. The Dahlia was born in 1802; and the Gladiolus
is of yesterday.
VIII
WHAT
flowers, then,
blossomed in the gardens of our fathers? Very few, no doubt, and very
small and very humble, scarce to be distinguished from those of the
roads, the fields and the glades. Before the sixteenth century, those
gardens were almost bare; and, later, Versailles itself, the splendid
Versailles, could have shown us only what is shown to-day by the
poorest village. Alone, the Violet, the Garden Daisy, the Lily of the
Valley, the Marigold, the Poppy, a few Crocuses, a few Irises, a few
Colchicums, the Foxglove, the Valerian, the Larkspur, the Cornflower,
the Clove, the Forget-me-not, the Gillyflower, the Mallow, the Rose,
still almost a Sweetbriar, and the great silver Lily, the spontaneous
finery of our woods and of our snow-frightened, wind-frightened
fields — these alone smiled upon our forefathers, who, for that
matter, were unaware of their poverty. Man had not yet learnt to look
around him, to enjoy the life of nature. Then came the Renascence,
the great voyages, the discovery and invasion of the sunlight. All
the flowers of the world, the successful efforts, the deep, inmost
beauties, the joyful thoughts and wishes of the planet, rose up to
us, borne on a shaft of light that, in spite of its heavenly wonder,
issued from our own earth. Man ventured forth from the cloister, the
crypt, the town of brick and stone, the gloomy stronghold in which he
had slept. He went down into the garden, which became peopled with
azure, purple and perfumes, opened his eyes, astounded like a child
escaping from the dreams of the night; and the forest, the plain, the
sea and the mountains, and, lastly, the birds and the flowers, that
speak in the name of all a more human language which he already
understood, greeted his awakening.
IX
NOWADAYS,
perhaps, there
are no more unknown flowers. We have found all, or nearly all, the
forms which nature lends to the great dream of love, to the yearning
for beauty that stirs within her bosom. We live, so to speak, in the
midst of her tenderest confidences, of her most touching inventions.
We take an unhoped-for part in the most mysterious festivals of the
invisible force that animates us also. Doubtless, in appearance, it
is a small thing that a few more flowers should adorn our beds. They
only scatter a few impotent smiles along the paths that lead to the
grave. It is none the less true that these are new and very real
smiles, which were unknown to those who came before us; and this
recently-discovered happiness spreads in every direction, even to the
doors of the most wretched hovels. The good, the simple flowers are
as happy and as gorgeous in the poor man’s strip of garden as in
the broad lawns of the great house, and they surround the cottage
with the supreme beauty of the earth; for the earth has till now
produced nothing more beautiful than the flowers. They have completed
the conquest of the globe. Foreseeing the days when men shall at last
have long and equal leisure, already they promise an equality in sane
enjoyments. Yes, assuredly it is a small thing; and everything is a
small thing, if we look at each of our little victories one by one.
It is a small thing, too, in appearance, that we should have a few
more thoughts in our heads, a new feeling at our hearts; and yet it
is just that which slowly leads us where we hope to win.
After
all, we have here a
very real fact, namely, that we live in a world in which flowers are
more beautiful and more numerous than formerly; and perhaps we have
the right to add that the thoughts of men are more just and greedier
of truth. The smallest joy gained and the smallest grief conquered
should be marked in the Book of Humanity. It behooves us not to lose
sight of any of the evidence that we are mastering the nameless
powers, that we are beginning to handle some of the mysterious laws
that govern the created, that we are making our planet all our own,
that we are adorning our stay and gradually broadening the acreage of
happiness and of beautiful life.
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